{"id":53,"date":"2007-02-01T12:51:22","date_gmt":"2007-02-01T17:51:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/happenings\/the-history-of-the-cia\/"},"modified":"2007-02-01T12:51:22","modified_gmt":"2007-02-01T17:51:22","slug":"the-history-of-the-cia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/happenings\/53\/the-history-of-the-cia\/","title":{"rendered":"The History of the CIA"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"896db7480f66673a7b164fbcd4905391\" data-index=\"1\" style=\"float: none; margin:10px 0 10px 0; text-align:center;\">\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"><!--\r\ngoogle_ad_client = \"ca-pub-8134560547846945\";\r\n\/* 468x60 tha *\/\r\ngoogle_ad_slot = \"1487607395\";\r\ngoogle_ad_width = 468;\r\ngoogle_ad_height = 60;\r\n\/\/-->\r\n<\/script>\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"\r\nsrc=\"http:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/show_ads.js\">\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"bodytext\">The United States has carried on foreign intelligence                  activities since the days of George Washington, but only since                  <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/categories\/World-at-War\/WWII\/index.html\">World War II<\/a> have they been coordinated on a government-wide basis.<\/p>\n<p class=\"bodytext\">Even before Pearl Harbor, President Franklin                  D. Roosevelt was concerned about American intelligence deficiencies\u00e2\u20ac\u201dparticularly                  the need for the State and War Departments to cooperate better                  and to adopt a more strategic perspective. He asked New York attorney                  William J. Donovan to draft\u00c2\u00a0 a plan for a new intelligence                  service.\u00c2\u00a0 In July 1941, Roosevelt appointed Donovan as the                  Coordinator of Information (COI) to direct the nation&#8217;s first                  peacetime, nondepartmental intelligence organization.\u00c2\u00a0 America&#8217;s                  entry into World War II in December 1941 prompted new thinking                  about the place and role of the COI.\u00c2\u00a0 As a result, the Office                  of Strategic Services (OSS) was established in June 1942 with                  a mandate to collect and analyze strategic information required                  by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and to conduct special operations                  not assigned to other agencies.<\/p>\n<p class=\"bodytext\">During the War, the OSS supplied policymakers                  with essential facts and intelligence estimates and often played                  an important role in directly aiding military campaigns.\u00c2\u00a0                  However, the OSS never received complete jurisdiction over all                  foreign intelligence activities.\u00c2\u00a0 The FBI formally received                  responsibility for intelligence work in Latin America when its                  Secret Intelligence Service was established in June 1940, and                  the military branches conducted intelligence operations in their                  areas of responsibility.<\/p>\n<p class=\"bodytext\">As World War II drew to a close, Donovan&#8217;s civilian                  and military rivals feared that he might win his campaign to create                  a peacetime intelligence service modeled on the OSS.\u00c2\u00a0 President                  Harry S. Truman, who succeeded Roosevelt in April 1945, felt no                  obligation to retain OSS after the war.\u00c2\u00a0 Once victory was                  won, the nation wanted to demobilize quickly\u00e2\u20ac\u201dwhich included                  dismantling wartime agencies like the OSS.\u00c2\u00a0 Although it was                  abolished in October 1945, however, the OSS&#8217;s analytic, collection,                  and counterintelligence functions were transferred on a smaller                  scale to the State and War Departments.<\/p>\n<p class=\"bodytext\">President Truman soon recognized the need for                  a centralized intelligence system.\u00c2\u00a0 Taking into account the                  views of the military services, the State Department, and the                  FBI, he established the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) in January                  1946.\u00c2\u00a0 The CIG had two missions: providing strategic warning                  and conducting clandestine activities.\u00c2\u00a0 Unlike the OSS, it                  had access to all-source intelligence.\u00c2\u00a0 The CIG functioned                  under the direction of a National Intelligence Authority composed                  of a Presidential representative and the Secretaries of State,                  War and Navy.\u00c2\u00a0 Rear Admiral Sidney W. Souers, USNR, who was                  the Deputy Chief of Naval Intelligence, was appointed the first                  Director of Central Intelligence.<\/p>\n<p class=\"bodytext\">Twenty months later, the National Intelligence                  Authority and the CIG were disestablished. Under the provisions                  of the National Security Act of 1947 (which became effective on                  18 December 1947) the National Security Council (NSC) and the                  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were created.\u00c2\u00a0 The 1947                  Act charged the CIA with coordinating the nation&#8217;s intelligence                  activities and correlating, evaluating, and disseminating intelligence                  which affects national security.\u00c2\u00a0 In addition, the Agency                  was to perform other duties and functions related to intelligence                  as the NSC might direct.\u00c2\u00a0 The Act defined the DCI&#8217;s authority                  as head of the Intelligence Community, head of the CIA, and principal                  intelligence adviser to the President, and made him responsible                  for protecting intelligence sources and methods.\u00c2\u00a0 The act                  also prohibited the CIA from engaging in law enforcement activity                  and restricted its internal security functions.\u00c2\u00a0 The CIA                  carries out its responsibilities subject to various directives                  and controls by the President and the NSC.<\/p>\n<p class=\"bodytext\">In 1949, the Central Intelligence Agency Act                  was passed and supplemented the 1947 Act.\u00c2\u00a0 The addendum permitted                  the Agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures                  and exempted CIA from many of the usual limitations on the expenditure                  of federal funds.\u00c2\u00a0 It provided that CIA funds could be included                  in the budgets of other departments and then transferred to the                  Agency without regard to the restrictions placed on the initial                  appropriation.\u00c2\u00a0 This Act is the statutory authority which                  allows for the secrecy of the Agency&#8217;s budget.<\/p>\n<p class=\"bodytext\">In 1953, Congress amended the National Security                  Act to provide for the appointment of the Deputy Director of Central                  Intelligence by the President with the advice and consent of the                  Senate.\u00c2\u00a0 This amendment also provided that commissioned officers                  of the armed forces, whether active or retired, could not occupy                  both DCI and DDCI positions at the same time. The DDCI assists                  the Director by performing such functions as the DCI assigns or                  delegates. The DDCI acts for and exercises the powers of the Director                  during his absence or disability, or in the event of a vacancy                  in the position of the Director.<\/p>\n<p class=\"bodytext\">Congressional oversight has existed to varying                  degrees throughout the CIA&#8217;s existence.\u00c2\u00a0 Today the CIA reports                  regularly to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the                  House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, as required                  by the Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980 and various Executive                  Orders.\u00c2\u00a0 The Agency also reports regularly to the Defense                  Subcommittees of the Appropriations Committees in both Houses                  of Congress.\u00c2\u00a0 Moreover, the Agency provides substantive briefings                  to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, House Committee on                  Foreign Affairs, and the Armed Services Committees in both bodies,                  as well as other committees and individual members.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistoricalarchive.com%2Fhappenings%2F53%2Fthe-history-of-the-cia%2F&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=true&amp;width=450&amp;action=like&amp;colorscheme=light\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowTransparency=\"true\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:450px;margin-top:5px;\"><\/iframe>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The United States has carried on foreign intelligence activities since the days of George Washington, but only since World War II have they been coordinated on a government-wide basis. Even before Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was concerned about American intelligence deficiencies\u00e2\u20ac\u201dparticularly the need for the State and War Departments to cooperate better and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/happenings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/happenings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/happenings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/happenings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/happenings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=53"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/happenings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/happenings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=53"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/happenings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=53"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thehistoricalarchive.com\/happenings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=53"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}